Wednesday, March 30, 2011

Be cut

 And chaoticThe first bar to the marriage . Sisters read several posts , the original in this world is not just a bear suffering.
Everyone has their own story, I was no exception . I was in their parents grew up in a quarrel . Some of my father is very talented young man , because the reason the family came from junior high school graduates will lose the opportunity to study in the rural areas was almost no factories , most people earn work points in the team is , my father With their smart, studious in our area the only clothing factory that made ​​a cutter . Still later he married my mother. My mother looks in the village is one of the best , but she 's temper was not in proportion and appearance , took quite headstrong unreasonable , I do not know the first days of married parents is how ever , anyway, since they themselves have kept the memory The quarrel , sometimes even fight . Most every quarrel provoked by my mother . My father works hard , likes to keep gardening what to write poetry is different from the ordinary rural people , not to mention what a bad habit . I still could not understand why mothers do because of some factor breaking the endless quarrel with him . If my father that the mother can be so patient will not have to accommodate frequent quarrels , but his point is also a stubborn temper, I do not know concessions. When they quarrel , my younger brother and the poor will be reduced on one side , when my heart is both frightened and helpless , so hope that the hand root fairy stick, hand that they do not quarrel . I do not know how his brother's feelings , since I was a victim , the warmth of the family that I did not feel
probably in my elementary school when my father's health began to bad, my mother was Very concerned about his father's body , Jiantang Aoyao no less to worry about . However, according to aircraft noise is not mistaken . ( take a break , will be write ).

Tuesday, March 29, 2011

We opened five years after graduation gap between the cause

 Aria wind Joseph Introduction: After graduation, some work, some people stay in school. . . Read this article really made me a lot, gives a great inspiration, so Aria to their collections in his blog for more friends to learn, I hope it can give you is to bring confusion in the some help! After reading if you have a



as First kind of person who is just entering the business, the first 5 years do not say you could give me a little Gong Zi, the most important thing is to learn anything in the enterprise of development is not conducive to ... ...

always flat in the lessons learned from the few lessons learned from the ordeal and more; the lessons learned from the flat light, the lessons learned from the ordeal to get deep. A man in his youth endured, as if the right, out of the darkness, and that is a person worthy of admiration. The most important thing is to Lianhaoneigong, 5 years after graduation is the inner strength that the best period Lianhaoneigong be possible to climb even higher in the future.

to Go? Lies in ideas!

In fact, no money, no experience, no experience, no social relations, these are not terrible. No money to earn by hard work; no experience, you can practice operation to conclude; no experience, step by step to accumulation; no social relationship can be a little bit to weave. However, no dreams, no idea is the most terrible, was terrified and would like to avoid!

must have a correct direction. No matter how high-spirited, no matter how resourceful you are, no matter how much effort you spend, without a clear direction, they had a great loss, gradually lose their fighting spirit, forget the original dream will be a detour, or even no return, wasting his talent, missed his youth.

Homer's If you can not graduate as soon as 5 years out of this confusion out of fog, we really discredited in the face after 10 years, 20 years after their own. Graduated this 5 years, we have both a lot of uncertainty, there are many possibilities.

graduate this 5 years, we have both a lot to be determined, there are a lot of decisions.

who will experience confusion and perplexity, fear, and there have been no one to escape, but not to confusion and confusion as to give up or willing to make an excuse for mediocrity, not to become self-pity, sacrifice frustrated bitter. Need to take their own life and destiny need for yourself. In the 5 years of graduation, the earlier to find the direction, the sooner out of the confusion, the easier road to success in life, and create exciting. Can not find direction without a head, will be thwarted at every turn; a person can not find a way out, only confusion and fear.

life in the face of difficulties, we often have the feeling of desperation. Do not get discouraged, stick to it, to believe that there is no road to ruin a young life, the plight of the front and hope around the corner. As long as we have the right ideas, we will be able to avoid detours, find a way out!

successful people are not winning at the starting point, but won the turning point.



lot of recently graduated young man, always expect the'll be able to find their ideal job. However, a lot of good work is not a long wait, you must select a job as life experiences. Professional journey first job, no doubt into the starting point for the university community. Maybe you find a passable job, then from here, good to precipitate themselves from the job to learn from the valuable nutrients in, paid off. A thousand miles begins with one step, as long as the departure, there is hope to reach the terminal.

starting point would be the same, but chose a different inflection point, the end will be much different!

graduates in recent years, our life, love, career and so there are many uncertain factors, the future is full of possibilities. This time, we must learn to choose, know how to give up, give yourself a clear positioning, stabilized themselves. If you are not active location, others and society will be

can say: a 5-year in graduate training up these habits will determine the height of his life. Our success depends in part on their evaluation of their own, this is positioning. What are you positioning yourself, you are nothing. Positioning can determine life, positioning can change destiny. Ugly duckling into a swan, as long as a pair of wings; Cinderella into a Princess, as long as a pair of glass slipper.

people's lives, one-third of the heavens, seven by the work hard, have dreams to They do not confine themselves to the mind of the cage, who is also bound not you go fly.

far from reality as they want. Thus, when the sense of superiority is turning into frustration and even a sense of loss, when the conviction that he is a

In fact, it should carefully weigh yourself if you really gold? Is real gold, the hands have unique skills to be superior to others on the Caixing. Word: real gold is to rely on strength to prove, only to put its own ability to practice well, the things horses are eligible to be considered.
Originally
each pearl is a grain of sand, but not every grain of sand can become a pearl.

want right way, there should stand out in the capital. Can not stand against and setbacks to withstand the neglect and dull, it is difficult to achieve glory. Young people to want their own to be reused, to succeed, it must transform itself from a grain of sand into a priceless pearl.

days of rain and the sunrise, peaks and troughs of life. Do look for the cloud cover
eyes, always advisable and see.

just brushed the clouds, you can clear sky flashed Lang Lang. If you're unhappy at work some to believe that they will not low life has been in a period of one day to break through the heavy clouds. Tell yourself: I have not failed, but has no success! As long as the inner light a lamp of hope, will be able to disperse the dark clouds, brighter.

Indeed, on the qualifications, their career is an absolute rookie, is involved in is not deep, personal connections was poor, often run into a wall at work. They do not necessarily like the pressure of crushing stone, but before the arrival of the sky like rain, gray low, obviously there is room, he was gray fill every gap, wait for clear skies after heavy rain.

Although a bit exaggerated, but many of them have indeed have been shrouded in gray mood - my heart will always be cloudy to overcast. I remember a philosopher once said:



A philosopher said: success. You are not ready to promise all of life to others?

the 5 years after graduation, is to change the golden era of their own destiny. In the best position to determine their own fate, if not sure, then you have to wait until when? I am the master of life, fate has not help the people.

do not live in someone else's mouth, do not live in someone else's eyes, but the fate of the grip in his hands.

not say you do not have the background, he is the greatest background. American writer Jack Kerouac said a word: Each person's potential is unlimited, the key is to find a correct understanding of their potential and their talents, and find a stage full potential, not only inappropriate for the stage unhappy. To be objective and impartial view of their capabilities, combined with their own situation and preferences cool choice, as much as possible to the needs of their own, the most suitable place.

in human resources management sector, in particular a popular saying that Maxima, we have to ride him; ability of the ordinary, but good character is the old ox, we have to hold him; character and capacity of the ordinary, is the poor products are strong, that is

I think you just graduated a few years, as ambitious, as people want to be the one to be appreciated, the battlefield of the Maxima it ride ? Well, good to settle down. Low on the floor does not mean inferior, overlooking the low today is to tomorrow's job. The so-called value of life that we value the presence of others. Can be exploited is a good thing, nobody cares about is the real tragedy!

competent work, do a good job is the basic guarantee of job market.

any person to do the work are a prerequisite for his ability to do the job. Competent qualified staff is the most basic standards, work hard is an attitude. A position that many people can be competent, have to do a good job of basic ability, however, can do a better job number, depends on whether the practical work hard, suffer from studying the work of the attitude.

competent on the basis of the practical work hard.

work, live more than others did, do you think of a disadvantage; money to get less than others, do you think suffer; regular overtime add a little, do you think suffer ... ... In fact, no need to do so regardless of the expense is not a disaster, not a failure, a disadvantage is also a philosophy of life. Now eat some small loss, for the success of paved road, maybe at some point in the future, your Tai Fook suddenly came.

can suffer is the life of a state, is an attitude of life wisdom.

not do more at work or someone else's job to do live is to suffer. If you jerk the leadership class, in time to catch the task, do not think they suffered a major loss, but should feel lucky, because the leadership just told you, and did not call the other person that he trusts you, appreciate you. Disadvantage is a contribution, the more you contribute, the more reward. Willing to work overtime, is such a disadvantage.

willing willing, there are homes only have to; learn to eat, where appropriate, loss of people do not mentally retarded, but wise.

to others is to give yourself Liu Yudi Liu Yudi, giving people easy is to have convenient, kind to others is to treat yourself.

Fools blessing, because stupid people do not scheming. And such people together, physically and mentally relaxed, not too much vigilance can be close to each other. Silly in many cases means that the commitment and loyalty, generosity and honesty also means that, people unknowingly get on his side. Who accidentally get silly than smart people get more than scheming. Graduates in recent years, you floating in the sky only a few flakes of snow, so you satisfied? Success need to adhere to and accumulation, rather than focusing on the collection of snow, it is better to save energy to snowball. Buffett said: Remember: Scattered snow will soon melt, vanish, only the snowball is more realistic, long-lasting.

the years of graduation, if you can do more than others to pay a sub, it means one point more than others, the accumulation of capital, more than the others chance of success.
; ;
What is the professional
it? Professional working conditions is the standardization and institutionalization, that is, at the right time and right place with the appropriate way of saying the right words, to do the right thing, the knowledge, skills, ideas, thinking, attitudes and psychological of professional norms and standards. However, the most important thing is that they more professional than the average person! This is why I can now because when you're the boss. A man just is not enough specialized, professional people who can only fly in front of others, hard to surpass!
Some people survive
excited, eyes always stop behind, fits and starts network, peter.

some people strive for the development, eyes always stare straight ahead, a little progress every day, persistent.

graduates in recent years, can not pursue and explore, not without the vision and goals. Life is like riding a boat behind. Willing to live the status quo is no longer ahead of the ship, could no longer keep up with the pace of the times. Must seize every second of time to learn, to understand that learning is not a student of the patent. Small smart people most proud of: their done? Great wisdom is that most desire: he would also like to do?

tactical cleverness, great wisdom is the strategy; small smart to see is sesame, great wisdom to see the watermelon.

in this world, both big names, but also a small role, somebody has somebody living law, ordinary people have little clear, everyone has their own way of life, who can not who barely. However, only a small performance of small bright and small field of vision, great wisdom can be accomplished and the big state. Small business owners to see, to see the system in the enterprise, large enterprises look at culture.

small companies and large enterprises are to survive, not good or bad, but at different stages of a person will be different.

small companies certainly want to develop for large enterprises, which is a goal, young people have to their career development goals. You graduated a few years, is often felt no stage fright or the lung power? Adversity is definitely not an alarmist! This moment will nap, you will have a dream; moment study, you will come true. Life in the competitive battlefield, the nap is the loser!

everyone young seemed lofty, not afraid of anything, but with age, think of the house every day, working, raising a family make ends meet these worldly thing, never dare to youth that We changed the life, or changed our lives? Our thinking more and more complex, more and more reluctant because of a growing number of concerns, we are always hovering, always hesitate. Graduate to begin a year or two, the weight of our burden of life would be out of breath, setbacks and obstacles blocking the openings in all directions, we tend to play in the oppression of their potential was only after Deus Ex, find a way out. But two or three years, began to reduce the burden of the body, work began to be plain sailing, we relax down, gradually forget the potential dangers. Until one day the crisis came suddenly, we know what to do, was defeated in the past few years ... ... school is still in critical condition, must be vigilant awareness, good hard work, so as to have a real security in life!

Hardships for the worst. If you want to go beyond their current achievements, not a finish line, but to the challenge. Of timid people, the real danger is in not adventure!



under the weight of young people in society, adaptability has become increasingly strong, but they do not consciously used to being pushed by the environment. They dare not take risks, afraid to bring their own life-long regret, so comfort yourself: Stick to the existing long-term security, the will be like the frog in warm water, the ultimate loss of jumping instincts.

social life has gone through the past few years, you should understand: The world has the rich but also poor, there is also a bright cloudy, there is ugliness has the United States, in the end What to see, depending on their positive or negative. Learn at a young age to work diligently, with a bright thinking about life, then, as long as the open palm of your hand, you will find that there are a colorful life.

the Thanksgiving carved in stone, deeply grateful to others to help you, always remember that this is due to a realm of life; to hate written in the sand, pale forget someone hurts you, learn tolerance, so that all of the hate gone with the tide, which is a realm of life.

Association pour water can hold more water. Graduation day from the start, learn each day as a new starting point, work from scratch every time. If you know how to planning and comprehensive beyond.

career start in the short road, you want to get better, faster, more useful to grow, it must be to zero thinking to face the world. Not to the university of the GAO to flaunt themselves, do not feel particularly good, but to lay down their attitude to their lower body frame so that they are settling down, holding the attitude of learning to adapt, and accept the challenge. Down

young man from the campus or from an environment into a new environment, we must dare to be familiar with the original environment, habits, likes things down and start from scratch. We want to be successful in the workplace, we must first cultivate resilience. Conversion from natural units are integrated into the basic conditions for the workplace. Low starting point, a person is not terrible, for fear that the low state. The more care about the self, the more there is no prospect; the contrary, the more initiative to pay, then he will be more rapid development. Many people today made some achievements in the early stages of his career from scratch, sediment, sediment itself, empty and then empty, zero then zero, because of this, their way of life was singing, flying all the way .

the years of graduation, we want the past to zero, the workplace will not be carrying a heavy bird crawling snail shells can be as light as a bird in the sky to fly. Please have a good taste of what Jack Welch said the sentence:

zero thinking five performance: a mind free from me, the sight of money, he is no concept, no one was toward the life-long learning.

arrogant young man with something inevitable, that their omnipotent, invincible, is not the case, entering the workplace was a new ;, is in the climb to go from the growth stage. The years of graduation, we must allow their apprentices to gradually cultivate thinking, sponge thinking, empty glass thinking, thinking this person has a heart always open, ready to accept the revelation and all the things for inspiration, they are all the time can feel the call of the goddess success.



Aria wind Joseph conclusion: It may be a lot of friends have been accustomed to Aria's blog every day look, look around. Whether depressed mood, or other, always wanted a quiet place in the people get a little something, no matter what you ultimate goal is, Aria in the wind Surbaugh off a log for each offer hope everyone can be found here a harvest, or a happy, or a quiet, or an open-minded. . . . . Lastly, I thank you for your continued wind Surbaugh off of Aria pour love, Aria will continue to hope that a different blog for every one we can bring more different harvest.

I used to think this blog is not to rely on written history to attract more readers to read the text, however, the past always later, or leave us a beautiful reverie, or a helpless regret. We are 80, belong to this era of an ordinary member, but also, and many others, need a spiritual soul is comfort and sustenance to encourage us to forge ahead, whether it is to face their own emotions, career, life or in the future . So I began to slowly try to use plain text to write something for our lives, I do not love a gorgeous, the makeup of the girl does not love fine, so I followed the text style, I like plain simple and elegant like a low-key like love quiet. . . Finally, Aria is still hope that we can enjoy here!

This is a quiet paradise, to quiet the mind, welcome to Aria wind Surbaugh off!

Monday, March 28, 2011

President Hu Jintao family history

 Happened to read a recent article in Asia Times reports on the *** family history, although we can not know the authenticity of the reports, but we have no other information circumstances, may refer to reference

mother died at an early age, in the official data of all the publicity about the ***, it's always stated he is Anhui Jixi people. Anhui is the ancestral home of Hu fact, he should never visited Jixi. Taizhou, Jiangsu Province (formerly Yangzhou) is his birthplace, his school in Taizhou on to 18 years old, until he went to Beijing with Tsinghua University. *** Thai mother, Wen-Ruey Lee County, the original village of rice stores Hu Town, (now waist Village) people. And the old man his father Hu Jing Anhui Jixi Although parents are, but he was born in the Republic of China in Thailand when the county town on the dam area, and spoke a local dialect,

*** grandparents from the Qing Dynasty moved to Thailand from the County of Anhui Province on the dam Jixi sell tea for a living. *** Republic of early-born father, Hu Jing (also known by Yu Wu) inherited the mantle of Grandpa Hu also sell tea for a living. *** After birth, the mother Wen-Ruey Lee been in poor health, insufficient milk, so sent him to the Wen-Ruey Lee's aunt Liu Bingxia Department so that was also just took the milk to a child's Liubing Xia Yu. So he became a grandmother this Xiaojiu *** nurse (now 90 years old Liu Bingxia still alive, but their live very frugal.)

to 1949, when only 7 years old ***, his two sisters (she's Hu Jinrong, Xiaomei Hu Lai) is only 3-5 years old, their mother, Miss Li Wenrui died of illness, the age of 29. *** Mother died at an early age, should calm some of his personality played a great role. Hu Jing father was persecuted under the no way, it will be three children to their aunt in Taizhou City, and his wife's aunt at the support, while he has not remarried. *** Hear his grandfather was also a large family home, talk of the town house, not only in Jiangyan (former Thai county) have business and in Taizhou city's Ming old-fashioned four-compound into the sedan. *** Was born in the year compound, and in this life more than ten years. 7 years old when he was sent to positions on the road Taizhou City West Primary School Oura; 12 years old when the road into the cemetery west of the city of Taizhou in Taizhou of Jiangsu Provincial Department of junior and senior secondary school until the age of 18 left Taizhou to Beijing Tsinghua.

in the *** more than 10 years old, his father Hu Jing tea shop by the state of Hu Jing of the Cultural Revolution because the offending part of the local people, so that the rebels said Hu Jing of embezzlement of public funds, and pulled on stage for their political campaigns, and even will he shut up. Hu Jing was kept when the brutal persecution, day by day across his body down. After the Cultural Revolution in 1978, when 50-year-old Hu Jing of the double death passed away. About when he was 36 years old *** is served in Qinghai, is the deputy department level cadres. After hearing of the death of his father, *** right back to the Thai county. Buried his father in the front, there is a legend *** find Thai county departments and county, and his father at the time the unit leaders, asking them for the vindication of his dead father, and to open a final nail in the proof. At that time, many departments have agreed to Hu's deputy, the father of vindication, and to persuade these people better at Tai Hu County in the most exclusive hotels ─ ─ Thai restaurant put two tables County wine and call on those leaders in the past, talk about the heart.

legend, the next day at noon, *** spend 50 dollars (then equivalent to one month salary of a university graduate) County Hotel in Thailand put the two tables. But do not wait until two in the afternoon a man to dinner. 3 o'clock in the afternoon when the office of a director of the county rushed to the scene, the officer apologized to tell that the leadership of the county and the supply and marketing cooperatives have been meeting today, so they let him say hello to the ***. *** And there is no way his family and friends, and finally he will master the hotel kitchen and the waiter all, washing dishes, and all cried together, ask them to help the then most upscale of the two tables of local snacks to eat. Was really no way in the case of the Qinghai *** back to work. And since then nearly 30 years, *** Thai county had never returned. *** Father, the history of this persecution did not know whether the *** away from the decadent and corrupt Chinese officialdom has no effect on personality.
mother buried her parents against parents. *** father of political persecution, not just only in the body of his father, also involves the views of .978 *** mother's maiden year, only 50-year-old Hu Jing of the Vengeful And finally, because the history of Hu Jing of the problem is not resolved, so at that time *** mother's maiden against the Jing Hu and Wen-Ruey Lee of buried, but to avoid that the Later, in the case of really no way, *** had to his father, his mother was buried in a tomb 5 kilometers away from the place. By 1997, Chinese Vice President *** already, also Deng Xiaoping as * **'s successor, his sister Hu Jinrong long, the young girl both parents Hu Levin will be buried together make arrangements. This is now east of the funeral home in Jiangyan Jiangyan next to the cemetery *** parents Hu Jing and Wen-Ruey Lee's grave. Two sisters Hu Hu Hu Jinrong and Levin on behalf of the three siblings will be his father's grave was built. And also put up a grave that reads
son Hu Haifeng Hu at Tsinghua University the total IT subsidiary of the company, he also try to avoid the They is so cautious, because there is only one, is to cut off the children of cadres to follow around in the daughter, Hu Haiqing Hu
total (33) graduated from Tsinghua University, China's top universities, and was completed last year of the years. In fact, many companies made to her

Friday, March 25, 2011

The order of the Emperor of China

 Chinese emperor in order to share friends
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about Yan Emperor Xuan Yuan Shao Hao Jin Tianshi's
Zhuanxu
's
Ku Goyang DIG DIG's
Emperor's
Tang Yao Zhi Xun put
Shun Wa
summer: (Kai later) BC 2197--1766 total of 432 * name of mass XIV,
seventh king of capital: An (now Shan Xi Wen County.)
1, Yu were God? ? Year 2 Emperor Kai 9 years 3, 4 Tai 29 years, Zhongkang l3 Nian
5, Timor-phase 28 years - (Yi - Hanzhuo) 40 years 6 22 years Shaukang 7, Emperor Shu 17 years < br> 8, 9, 26 years of Emperor Huai, Emperor Mountain l8 Nian lO, l6 Nian Di vent l1, did not fall 59 years
l2, God shut 2l Nian l3, 2l Nian Yin A l4, Emperor Jia of Xia 3l Nian l5, l1 Nian Gao Di
l6, l9 years 17 DEFA, Lu Kuei 53 years.
weeks; sub-Zhou, Zhou, Ji Xing, capital: Hao (Xi'an) and Luoyang.
Western Zhou Dynasty: BC l122 - 770 353 years. Twelve calendar Emperor. Capital: Gao Jing.
l, King Wu made 7 years 2, 3, 37 years into a chant Wang, Kang Zhao 26 years 4 years 5 king was 5l, Mu over 55 years
6, a total of 7 Nian Wang tight l2 Hu, Yi Wang 25 years 8, 9, 15 years Xiaowang provision side, Yi Wang changed in 16 years
l0, Li Wang Hu 37 years - the Republican era l4 年 - ll, Xuan Wangjing 46 years 12 secluded palace ll years.
before King Wu also: Old Duke (Great King), Ji Li, King Wen, although the strong force, but is still nominally
an Uncooperative countries under the Shang Dynasty.
Zhou: BC 77O - 225 545, the calendar twenty-six Dili. Capital: Luoyang.
l, 5l the Wang Yi mortar year 2 23 years 3 Huan Wang Lin, Zhuang Wang TL 15 years 4, 5 years and 5 PCT Whiskers Wang Qi, Hui Wang Lang
25 years 6 33 years 7 Cheng King Xiang, Wang Chen Wang are 6 years 8, 9 Peter King Class 6 years, will be Wang Yu 2l Nian
1O, Jane Wang Yi 14 years 11 27 years ling WANG vent heart l2, Jing Gui 25 years of 13, Dao Wang Meng 1 year < br> l4, Jing Wang 15 Hungary 44 years, Yuan Wang Ren 7 years l6, be Zhen Wang Kai 28 years 17 Aiwang to the disease 1 year
18, think Wang Shu 1 year 19, 20, 15-year examination Wang Wei, Wei Lie Wang afternoon 44 years 2l, 26 years Ann King arrogance
22, Lie Wong Hei 7 years 23, 24, was 48 years flat Wang, Shen-Liang Wang set 25 6 years, Nan Yan-59 years
26, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty Jun Jie 7 years.
the Spring and Autumn:
spring rank, BC 77O - 475, Warring States Period, BC 475 - 22l years. Week Moving Eastward, the strength of the greatly weakened, the country is divided
separatist state, about the size of more than one hundred twenty countries. Through constant mergers, to the early years of the Warring States Period,
there are a number of countries, large state of Qin, Chu, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Yan Qiguo, the famous
because too much about the royal family last name is difficult to find, please forgive me.
Qin: (after reunification) BC 22l - 2Ol 15 years, the calendar DDD, win last name, capital: Xianyang.
1, First Emperor of the government for 12 years 2, 3, 3-year Hu Hai II, infant son l years.
Han: 206 BC - AD 22O years, including the Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasty (also after the former Han and Han). In the Han Dynasty, there
Wang Mang, Liu Xuan of two short-lived reign.
Western Han Dynasty: 206 BC - AD 8 years, a total of 214 years, Liu, Li thirteen Emperor, capital: Chang'an.
l, emperor to help 12 years.
2, Emperor Hui Ying 7 years.
3, young emperor (Empress dictatorship) for 8 years.
4, Emperor Huan 23 years.
5, Emperor Jing Kai l6 years.
6, Toru Emperor reign: Chien-yuan, 54 years.
7, the beginning of Yuan Zhao Mausoleum of Emperor Frederick, l3 years.
8, Xuan exercise the beginning, 25 years.
9, the beginning of Yuan Emperor cool, 16 years.
lO, Chengdi Jianshi Ao, 26 years.
ll, Ai Yan Jianping, 6 years.
12, Emperor Ping Heng Yuanshi, 5 years.
l3, Ruzi baby taken home, 3 years.
new dynasty: AD 9 - 25 a total of 17 years, capital: Chang'an.
l, Wang Mang, was founded country, l5 years.
2, Huaiyang Wang Liu Xuan Geng Shi, 3 years.
Eastern Han Dynasty: AD 25 - 220, a total of 195 years, Liu, Li thirteen Emperor, capital: Luoyang.
1, Light Wu Dixiu Jianwu 33 years.
2, Emperor Ming Zhuang Yongping l8 years.
3, Zhang Di Jianchu l3 years.
4, Dili Zhao Yong yuan 17 years.
5, Di Long War Yanping 1 year.
6, Andi You never first 19 years.
7, Yongjian Bao Shun, who favored l9 years.
8, Chong Tai Ping Wing plus l years.
9, l quality early years of the Emperor drilling.
lO, Huan Chi and construction of 2l years.
ll, Lingdi macro Jianning 22 years.
12, young emperor identified optical Hay 1 year.
l3, Emperor Xian co-Chu-ping 32 years.
three countries: the three began 22O years from Han Wei, and finally 265 years on behalf of Wei Jin. But historians tend to l9O relying on Dong Han Dynasty to leave Luoyang offer
three caps to 28O Conquest of Wu Jin for the three years minimum.
Wei: AD 220--265, a total of 46 years, surnamed Cao, ran, calendar and Five Emperors, capital: Xuchang.
l, Emperor Huang Pi 7 years early.
2, Emperor Ming Tai Rui 13 years.
3, Qi Wangfang Zhengshi 14 years.
4, Gaoguixianggong mane is per 7 years.
5, often rural public Huan Jing Yuan Road, 6 years.
Cao *: Jian eighteen years, labeled Weigong Cao *, Wei Jian, Although the emperor, but the name also Hanchen. After the son Cao Pi Zhuizun
Wei Wudi.
Shu: AD 22l - 243, a total of 43 years, Liu, Li Emperor, capital: Chengdu.
l, Zhaolie Di Wu Chapter prepared for 3 years.
2, emperor Zen Lite 4l years.
Wu: AD 222 - 28O 59 years, surnamed Sun, calendar fourth emperor, capital: APB.
l, Great in power 31 years Hwang.
2, Huiji Wang Liang Lite 7 years.
3, emperor Hugh Wing 7 years.
4, Wu Cheng Hao Yuan Xing Hou l7 years.
Jin:
Western Jin :265 - 316 total of 5l years, the calendar fourth emperor, first of Luoyang, then moved to Chang'an.
1, Dynasty Emperor Wudi Taishi 25 years.
2, Emperor Hui Zhong Yong Xi Sima 17 years
3, Wai Chi Tai Yong Sima plus 5 years.
4, Han Emperor Sima industry Lite 4 years.
Eastern :317 - 4O2 1O4 total of years. Emperor Li XI, capital: Jinling
l, Emperor Sima Rui Jianwu 6 years.
2, Emperor Ming Division Marshall too Ning 3 years.
3, Sima Yan Chengdi salt and 17 years.
4, Hong Ma Ngok Tai Chien-yuan Secretary for 2 years.
5, Mudi Dan Sima Yong l7 years.
6, Ai Sima Pi Lung, and 4 years.
7, Division Mayi Emperor Fei Tai 6 years.
8, Emperor Jianwen Division Mayu Haman 2 years.
9, Xiaowu Sima Yao Ningkang 24 years.
l0, Andi Division Made Zong Longan 22 years.
ll, Gongdi Sima German element Hee 2 years.
Sixteen :304 - 439 can be divided into before and after the establishment of the Sixteen Kingdoms II: the early regime: Shu (into Chinese), Chinese and former Zhao,
Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin, the former cool. There Xianbei Ministry Tuoba 'generation' and Ran Min's 'Wei' is not within the Sixteen States
. The late regime: Later Qin, Hou Yan, Nam Yin, Northern Yan, post cool, cool South, Xiliang, Northern Liang, Xiqin,
summer. There is also 'the West Yan' is not sixteen domestic.
Shu: 303--347 a total of seven emperors capital: Chengdu.
l, 2 years 2 Ritter, Li flow l years. 3, Li Xiong 30 years 4 years 5 Lepanto l, Li period of 3 years
6, LI Shou 5 years 7, Lee 5-year trend.
former Zhao :304 - 329 Huns capital: Pingyang (Shanxi Linfen) calendar five emperors
l, 2, 6 years of Liu Yuan, Nian Liu, and l 3, Cong 8 years 4 years 5 l Jie Liu l , Liu Yao Zhao l3 years after
319 - 352 Calendar 7 Tai, Jie tribe, capital: Xiangfan China (Hebei Xingtai).
l, Schleswig l5 year 2 l Nian Shi Hong-3, tigers l5 Nian 4 years 5 Shi Shi l, l Nian Shi compliance
6, stone only? Nian 7, Ran Min 3 years.
Former Yan :357 - 37O calendar DDD, Xianbei, capital: Ye (Hebei linzhang).
l, Murong 15 years 2, 3 Nian Murong 1l, 1l Murong years.
Former Qin :351 - 394 calendar six Timor, Dizu, capital: Chang'an
l, Fu Jian 4 years 2, 3, 3-year break of Health, Fujian 27 years 4, 5, Fu Pi 2 years, Fu Teng 9 years
6, Fu Rong
years before the cool :313 l - 376 Han, Li 7 Dili, capital: Guzang.
l, 2, Mao-5 years, 22 years 3 Jun Zhang, Zhang Wa 9 years 4 years 5 l Ling Zhang Yao, Zhang Zuo 3 years
6, 7, 9 years Liang Zhang Xuan, Zhang days l2 years.
Later Qin :384 - 4l7 Qiang Li 3, Dili, capital: Chang'an.
l, Yao Chang 8 years 2, 3, 22 years really Yao, Yao Hong 2 years.
Houyan :384 - 409 Xianbei, calendar 5, Emperor, capital: Zhongshan.
l, Mu Rongchui l3 year 2 Murong Po 3 years 3, 4, 3-year Murong Sheng and Yang Hee 7 years 5 3 years of high clouds.
Nanyan :398 - 4lO Xianbei, calendar Emperor, capital: Canton solid (Shandong Yidu).
1, Germany 7 years Murong 2, Murong over 6 years.
Northern Yan :409 - 436 Han, Li Emperor, capital: Changli.After
cool :386 - 4O3 Dizu, calendar four Dili, capital: Guzang.
1, Lu Kuang 13 years 2, 3, Lu Shao-l Nian Lu reigned 1 year 4 Lvlong 1 year.
South cool :397 - 4l4 Xianbei, calendar DDD, capital: Ledu.
l, black fox 3 years and 2 alopecia, alopecia Lee Fox 3 years and 3 deer, bald waste Tan 13 years.
Xiliang: 4O0 - 42O Han, Li Emperor, capital: Dunhuang.
l, 17 years Lee 2, Li Xin 4 years.
Northern Liang :397 - 439 Huns, calendar DDD, capital: Zhangye.
1, paragraph 2 industry 4 years, 33 years ju Drainage Mengxun 3, Ju drainage, animal husbandry and bullock 7 years.
Xiqin :385 - 43l Xianbei, calendar fourth emperor, capital: Jincheng (Gaolan).
1, Qi Fu Jen 3 years and 2 countries, begging volt dry owned for 24 years 3, 4 Nian Qi Fu Chi Pan l6, 4 years late evening begging volts.
Summer: 4O7 - 43l Huns, calendar DDD, capital: Commission Ge (Shaanxi Yokoyama).
l, Helian vigorous 19 years 2, 3, 4 years Helian Chang, Helian be 4 years.
Northern:
Southern for Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties. Capital: Jiankang (Nanjing)
Song 42O - 479 years. Total 6O Nian eight emperor.
one, the beginning of Emperor Liu Yu Yong 3 years.
Second, the young emperor Fu Jing Liu Yi-ping 2 years.
III, Emperor Liu Yilong yuan plus 30 years.
IV, Emperor Wu of Liu Chun Xiao Xiao Jian 11 years.
V, Emperor Fei Liu Yong yuan for industry, l years.
VI, Emperor Ming Liu Qin Shi 8 years.
VII, Emperor Fei Liu Yu-yuan after 5 years.
eight, Lau Shun, who favored quasi-rise next 3 years.
Qi :479 - 5Ol, a total of 23 years, seven emperor.
one, Gotti Xiaodao Cheng Chien-yuan 4 years.
II, Emperor Xiao Ze Sun ll years.
III, Emperor Fei Xiao Zhao industry Longchang l years.
IV, Emperor Fei Xing Yan Xiao Zhaowen l years.
Five, Ming Di Xiao Luan Jianwu 5 years.
six volumes Donghunhoubao Yongyuan 13 years.
seven, Dili Xiao Bao Rong ZTE l years.
beam :502 - 557, a total of 56 years, four emperors.
First, Emperor Xiao Yan-day supervision of 48 years.
II, Emperor Jianwen Xiao Gang Tai Po 2 years.
III, Emperor Xiao Yi Cheng St. 4 years.
IV, King Emperor Xiao Fangzhi Shaotai 3 years.
Chen :557 - 589, a total of 33 years, five emperor.
First, Emperor Wu Chen Ba Xian Yongding 3 years.
II, Emperor Wen Chen Qian days plus 7 years.
III, Emperor Fei Chen Bozong Everbright 2 years.
four, Xuan Chen Jian Xu too l4 years.
V., emperor Chen Shubao D'7 years.
Northern as the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou dynasty five.
Northern :386 - 534, a total of l49 years, ll emperor. Xianbei Tuoba, capital: Sheng Yue (now Inner Mongolia, and Lingle.)
L, 2 Road Wudi 23 years, 15 years of the Ming Emperor Si 3, 4, 28 years too Wudi Shou, Rui Wen Cheng Di 14 years
5, 6 years and 6 offered Emperor Philip, 29 years 7 Xiaowen Wang, Xuan Wu Dike l6 years 8, Xiao Ming Di Xu 12 years
9, Xiao Zhuang Dizi Yau 3-year 1O, section 1, Min Gong Di Nian l1, stability dynasty l years.
Eastern Wei :534 - 550, a total of l7, only an emperor: see Xiao Jing Tai Shan, capital: Ye.
Western Wei :535 - 557, a total of 23 years, four emperors, capital: Chang'an.
l, Xiaowu repair 2 years 2, 3, Emperor Bao Ju 17 years, Emperor Fei Chin 2 years and 4, Gongdi profile of 3 years.
Northern Qi Dynasty: 55O - 577, a total of 28 years, five i emperor. High surname, Qiu Jian.
1, Wen Xuan Yang lO year 2 play l Nian Xiao Zhao Di 3, Wu Chengdi Cham 4 years 4, emperor of latitude 11 years
5, the main constant child for 1 year.
Zhou :557 - 58l, a total of 25 years, five emperors, Yuwen Shi, capital: Chang'an
1, Xiao-Min Tai Kok l year 2 Emperor Ming Yu 4 years 3, Emperor Yong Nian l8 4, Xuan l Nian
5, Jing Di illustrates 2 years.
Sui: 58l - 6l8 Yangxing capital: Chang'an (Xi'an)
I, Emperor Yang Jian Kai Huang 24 years. (There are two Emperor reign: Kai Huang 58l - 60O, Renshou 60l - 6O4)
Second, Emperor Yang Guang Yang cause of 12 years.
Third, Gong Di Yi Yang Yu-Ning l years. Only Sui
DDD, a total of 37 years.
Tang Dynasty 618 - 9O7 Lei, capital: Chang'an
one emperor Yuan Takenori 9 years.
II Taizong Shimin Zhenguan 23 years.
III, Emperor Yong Hui 34-year rule.
four, in cases of obvious heir St. 1 year.
V. Wu Chuigong 21 years.
six, in the cases (restoration) Dragon 5 years.
seven Ruizong Dan King Wan 3 years.
VIII reign Lungi birth 43 years.
IX Suzong Pavilion D'7 years.
X. DAI Zong Yu Baoying 17 years.
XI Dezon applicable under construction for 26 years.
twelve, were chanting along Yongzhen l years.
XIII Kenso pure element and l5 years.
XIV Mouzon constant Changqing 4 years.
fifth, Jing Zong Zhan Bao Li 2 years.
XVI Ang Tai Zong 14 years.
seventh, Wu Zong Yan Huichang 6 years.
eighth, Emperor Xuan Zong Chen medium and large for 13 years.
nineteenth, Yizong Xiantong l4 years.
XX Xi Qian Xuan Fu were l5 years.
XXI century Long Ye Akimune 16 years.
XXII, Ai wish God Bless 3 years. Twenty-two
Tang emperor (some records twenty, Wuzhou Zheng, excluding the right), dominated the Tang Dynasty 29O years.
Five Dynasties and Ten States 9O7 - 96O
Five:
Girder: 9O7 - 923, a total of 16 years. Chus built IH: Bianliang
one, too Zuquan Zhong Ping 6 years.
Second, Modi Friends of the Chen-dry for 11 years.
Later Tang Dynasty :923 - 936 total for 14 years. Lei, capital: Luoyang
one, were kept the same light 4 years.
II, Ming Tian Cheng Siyuan were 8 years.
Third, Min Shun Di from thick to be l years.
IV, Emperor Fei Ke Qingtai from 2 years.
Houjin 936--946 total of 1l Stone surname in capital: Bianliang
one emperor Jing Tong Tin Fook 7 years.
II, the emperor re-opening operation of your 4 years.
Later Han 947 - 95O 4 years Liu capital: Bianliang
one emperor Zhiyuan Tian Fu for 2 years.
Second, the hidden God Dry Yu Cheng Yu 2 years.
Later Zhou Dynasty 951--960 total of lO years man, a self, surnamed Chai capital: Bianliang
one, too Zuwei Guangshun 3 years.
Second, Sejong Wing Hin Tak 6 years.
III, Christine Dezon training l years.
ten countries:
Former Shu: 9O7 - 925 capital: Chengdu
I. Wang 12 years.
Second, Wang Yan 8 years.
Wu: 892--937 capital: thirty
Yang I, Yang Hangmi 15 years.
Second, Yang Ottawa 3 years.
Third, Yang Long play lO years.
IV, Yang Pu l7 years.
Chu: 896 - 95l capital: Changsha
I. ABOUT AUTHOR 35 years.
II Marsch sound for 2 years.
Third, Maxi Fan l5 years.
IV Mahi wide 3 years.
V. Mahi calyx 2 years.
six, Maxi Chong l years.
Min: 897--946 capital: Fuzhou
one by Wang know 4O years.
Second, Yan-all 3 years.
III, Wang Chang 4 years.
IV, Wang Yanyi 4 years.
V. Wang Yanzheng 3 years.
Southern Tang: 937--975 capital: Jinling
A, Li Sing 7 years.
Second, Li l9 years.
Third, Li Yu l6 years.
Jingnan: 9O7 - 96 capital: Jingzhou
a high season Hing 22 years.
Second, the high from the sea 20 years.
Third, high security financial l2 years.
Fourth, high security l years.
five high following the red l years.
South Han: 9O5 - 97l capital: Guangzhou
A, Liu hidden for 12 years.
b, Liu-Yan 32 years.
three, Liu Bin 1 year.
four, Liu Sheng l6 years.
V., Liu l3 years.
Yue :893 - 978 capital: Qiantang
one, the money 41 years.
Second, the money per lO years.
Third, the money Junior 6 years.
Fourth, the money l years.
five, the money 40 years.
North Han :951 - 979 capital: Taiyuan
A, Liu Tsung-4 years.
Second, Liu Jun l4 years.
three, Liu Jien l years.
four, Liu Ji Yuan 1l years.
Shu :933 - 965 capital: Chengdu
a, Meng Zhixiang l years.
Second, the surplus Chang 3O years.
Song (sub Northern and Southern)
Song 960--1127, a total of l68 years. Zhaoxing, Li Nine Emperor. Capital: Bianliang
one Kuang Yin Dynasty, buildups. Reigned 16 years.
Second, Taizong light righteousness, peace and rejuvenating the country, the reign of 22 years.
three, Shinshu Huan, Xianping, the reign of 25 years.
IV, Ren Zhen, day Saint, reigned 41 years.
V. Yingzong Shu, Zhiping, the reign of 4 years.
six Shenzong Xu, Xining, the reign of 18 years.
VII, King Cheoljong Xu, Yuan Yu, reigned 15 years.
eight cases Ji Zheng, Jianzhong Yasukuni, the reign of 25 years.
IX, Qin Zong Huan, Jing Kang, the reign of 2 years.
Song :1127 - l279, a total of 152 years. Nine Emperor Li, Zhaoxing. Capital: Lin'an (Hangzhou).
A, Gao structure, Jian Yan, reigned 36 years.
Second, Xiao Zhong, longxing, the reign of 27 years.
three Mitsumune London, Shao Xi, the reign of 5 years.
four, Zong Ning expansion, Qingyuan, the reign of 3O years.
V., Li Zong, Baoqing, the reign of 4O years.
six degrees cases Xianchun, the reign of 10 years.
seven Gongdi significant, Blissful, the reign of 2 years.
eight, Swiss cases, Jing Yan, the reign of 3 years.
IX, Emperor, Cheung Hing, the reign of 3 years.
Yuan: l279 - l368, a total of 90 years. November calendar of God. Qiwo Winchester, capital: Yanjing (Beijing).
one ancestor Kublai Khan, Yuan, reigned 15 years.
Second, as were Temur, Yuan Zhen, the reign of 13 years.
three Takemune seamounts, Tai, the reign of 4 years.
IV, Ren Yu million uplift love Octopus, Huang Qing, the reign of 9 years.
V. De Shuo Yingzong eight spines, to rule, the reign of 3 years.
six Royal Thai is also scheduled to Tie fungus, Thailand set, the reign of 5 years.
seven or eight large Shundi A speed Kyrgyzstan, Dashun, the reign of 1 year.
eight cases and the world tomorrow, the day calendar, the reign of 2 years.
nine, Zong Figure Temur, to shun, the reign of 5 years.
X. Ning Zongyi quality of classes, to shun, the reign of l year.
XI Shun, who favored the right of Temur care, per system, the reign of 36 years.
recorded some ten Ming emperor, Skyway is not included. According to the early Ming official
repair
Ming :1368 - l644, a total of 277 years, the calendar sixteen Emperor, Chus, capital: Nanjing, Chengzu moved to Beijing.
one, too Zuyuan Zhang, Hongwu reign of 3l years.
II, Emperor Hui Yun, Jian-wen, the reign of 4 years.
three Chengzu Di, Yongle reign of 22 years.
four high-Chi Ren, Hong Xi, the reign of 1 year.
V, Emperor Xuan Zong Zhan base, Xuande, the reign of l0 years.
six, Yingzong Qi Zhen, orthodoxy, reigned for 14 years.
VII, Emperor Jing Qi Yu, Jingtai, the reign of 7 years.
Yingzong Qi Zhen, Tian Shun, the reign of 8 years. (Restoration)
eight Kenso see deep, fully integrated, the reign of 23 years.
nine, Xiao Zhong Yu Tang, Hongzhi, the reign of 18 years.
X. Takemune thick photos, Masanori, the reign of l6 years.
XI, Sejong thick, Jia Qing, the reign of l6 years.
second, Mouzon set, Long Khanh, the reign of 6 years.
XIII Shenzong Yi Jun, Wanli reign of 47 years.
XIV Mitsumune Chang Luo, Taichang, the reign of l year.
fifth, Xizong by the school, apocalypse, the reign of 7 years.
sixteen, think of these by the prosecution, Chongzhen, the reign of 17 years. Rereading

Atlantic
Shun Chang Hsien-chung
, reign Dashun
by the Southern Ming Zhu
Fukuo Song, era Hung Kuang Z} (n
tang Zhu Yu key, reign Long Wu g
Gui Wang Zhu from the palm,
Yongli reign Qing: l644 - l9ll a total of 268 years, ten calendar Emperor (Emperor before entering the two: the Qing Dynasty, reign Heaven and Qing Taizong,
years No. days excluding Cong). Manchu, Aixinjueluo's. capital: Beijing.
one ancestor Fulin, as Junji, the reign of l8 years.
II, Patriarch Xuan Ye, was Emperor Kangxi , reigned 61 years.
three, Sejong Yin, the Yongzheng reign of 13 years.
four, Gao Hong Li, the Qianlong reign of 6O 年.
V., Ren Yan, for the Jiaqing, the reign of 25 years.
six Xuanzong Ning, the dynasty, reigned for 30 years.
seven, Zong-Yi, the Xianfeng reign 1l 年.
eight Mouzon contained soon, as wen, l3 years in office.
IX Dezon set for the dynasty, reigned for 34 years.
ten, Pu Yi, the Xuantong, the reign of 3 years.
Republic of China
Emperor Yuan of the Chinese Empire Empire
, reign Hongxian ~ ~

Thursday, March 3, 2011

Abnormal Psychology (Chinese Psychological Society recommended textbook) -15 eating barrier ...

 Large number of social and cultural, psychological and biological factors are considered eating disorders (see Concept Review: contributor to eating disorders). As we end this chapter, consider the impact of each factor and the relevant arguments.

social, cultural and psychological factors to lean the social pressure for the United States may have a role in eating disorders, but many in such social pressure in people who do not have eating disorders . Therefore, the production of eating disorders may need some psychological factors involved.

social pressures and cultural orientation over the past few decades in the United States and Europe, eating disorders, especially bulimia nervosa and bulimia nervosa The prevalence rate increased (Striegel-Moore, 1995; Strunkard, 1999). On the contrary, in many developing countries, eating disorders are not common (Davis & Yager, 1992; Sobal & Strunkard, 1989). Psychologists Eating Disorders Historical differences in prevalence and cross-cultural differences and different historical periods and cultures between the standard of female beauty linked with (Garner & Garfinkel, 1980; McCarthy, 1990; Sobal & Stunkard, 1989). When the upper class to lean to when the United States, eating disorders become prevalent; to fat for the United States, the eating disorder less, but the increase in obesity. In developing countries, maybe people will be fat for the United States, because only the rich have access to food and gain weight .

aesthetic standards in the past 45 years, the United States and Europe, the pursuit of the ideal female body became thinner and thinner. fashion magazine model, Miss USA and Miss Universe winners, and even Barbie dolls (female beauty symbol) are constantly getting thinner (see Figure 15.4; Winseman et al., 1992). In recent years, fashion magazines on the skinny models in general, most of them adult women do not reach that figure.
thin pressure not only from the media and the Barbie doll supplier. for adults perception studies confirm each other, people think women are more body fat than thin women more feminine and attractive (eg, Guy, Rankin, & Norvell, 1980). Similarly, in public places (such as dining halls) of women with impunity eat a lot of food is also considered as an attractive small female food intake (Rolls, Fedoroff, & Guthrie, 1991). female attention to these clues, and in many ways to change their behavior to meet the expectations of the community (Thompson & Stice, 2001). For example, in some cases, the women to show their charm and femininity, or than other women to show their better, or to compete with other women, will choose a small amount of food (Mori, Chaiken, & Pliner, 1987; Dliner & chaiken, = 1990). Many students also confirmed that, when the friends around the dinner table, when they competition, look to each other what to eat each other, more calories, laugh at people who eat dessert, more common in men. lead to the root causes of this gender difference is, thin figure in women more than men in advocating and encouraging. For example, male and female fashion magazine survey found that women's magazines in the number of articles about dieting more than 10 times more than men's magazines (Andersen & DiDomenico, 1992; Nemeroff., 1994). half of the women complaining about their bodies often unsatisfactory, less than one-third of men (Thompson & Stice, 2001). In recent years, women articles in the journals have begun to shift from a simple diet fitness and exercise (Nemeroff et al., 1994). But unfortunately, women's motivation for weight control and exercise is still stronger than men, and exercise to control weight ratio of health The movement is more likely to lead to eating disorders, behavior (McDonald & Thompson, 1992).
, of course, not all women agree with this weight-loss culture. Table 15.6 is used to assess the weight of a cultural identity questionnaire extracted Some entries. longitudinal study found that cultural identity of thin women more prone to symptoms of bulimia nervosa, and over time, body dissatisfaction and dieting behaviors also increased (Thompson & Stice, 2001). experimental study found that intervention means to enable women to oppose the weight-loss culture, and recognize that the media so that they endorsed the thin cultural pressures, then their cultural acceptance of weight will drop, for body dissatisfaction, dieting behaviors and symptoms of bulimia nervosa also reduced (Stice et al., 2000,2001; Stormer & Thompson, 1998).

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Q & A nine hundred sixty-six focus

 The copyright of all content and a blog all along. For the convenience of reading, some letters of the words were appropriate excision, but retained key elements.
Open holes in the trees: moushun@hotmail.com. Select a letter from an open back, please do not involving personal privacy. You just sent me, I will take conceited. Open holes in the trees present a serious backlog of letters required to be boarded 3 weeks patiently in line blog.
open holes in the trees do not receive more than 500 words long letters. in principle, restricted to the consultant for any reply. series is not A. asked, The future; the second child's should not; can not be an unmarried mother; sexless marriage how to do and do not want a divorce; want a divorce could not bear children; afraid of looking after him apart even worse than he's; man how derailment run; man is nothing but the divorce could not make the hand; older anxious to marry but of underachievement, special circumstances, I must specifically answer, OK, you send private tree holes.
private tree holes: yushunshun@gmail.com. content should not be open long and privacy, as well as open holes in the trees did not answer several types of topics are Please send here. This tree holes received a hard charge fees. privacy holes in trees and there are dedicated to talk phones, such as no time had no desire to write, you can write to yushunshun@gmail.com, find family number. In order to avoid harassment, the phone will refuse to listen to any calls without an appointment. thank you.
no matter which tree holes sent a letter, please do not use attachments. Where a letter sent to the open holes in the trees, usually copied directly into the document, the letter does not appear The mail address and name. So, do a few days after the letter or the board blog, and then asked me to delete a letter or check the source of a letter, I have no energy to look. sorry.
1, I 28, and her boyfriend fell in love four years, my house his home in Anhui Province in the northeast, has experienced a lot of hard work to overcome an obstacle, he told me in August this year, went to my house, ready to buy a house (his house, scrape together fifty thousand, and there Some are maintained by our own employees). much money, before going down, buy a house requires proof of marriage or unmarried, we play a marriage certificate, pre-marital examination of hepatitis B when he was diagnosed, my mind was blank, the disease is not clear only knew very difficult to cure, but we were still picking up the marriage certificate. these things without telling his family at first, then we return to the work of Zhejiang, after coming back I have not always calm, the heart has swelling on the skin, finally told the truth my parents. I cried and said to him, well we go back to divorce it, do not buy the house first. He did not approach, follow I went back to Anhui.
my parents liked him and does not want us apart they do not know how to do that makes me want a good family do not trust, so I take him to another hospital review time, he found abnormal liver function, although not serious, but I'm so sorry, my parents also hard for me to really know what to do, eventually we went back to Zhejiang, no divorce, did not buy the house for the time being. I do not know how to do, he said, good for me to point out, do not want to drag me. I was reluctant to let go, think it looks like he is not too cruel, tears every day these days. how to spend my life ah?
on hepatitis B, have said too many times. Hepatitis B or not to abandon lover, can marry hepatitis B patients, hepatitis B patients how to face social discrimination, etc., etc., it is more than enough trouble enough. But always thought that as long as the love of a smooth one, can accept the reality, it would not have children, take to prevent, not the same to live?
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
2, 30,07 years, I know a little 10-year-old man. sharing relationship. began when he was younger, his delicate features and fair skin tall, I'm not tall, looks normal. on he is very good, take care of all my life, and later with relations is my own initiative. boyfriend in the field. I did not expect to sleep out the feelings. because of his strong opposition and trouble, I Breach of Marriage Engagements, banquets are booked, was so impulsive you, sorry he died. former boyfriend of economic conditions are good, and he does, rental housing, I do not know when will it be to buy a house. I was not opposed to both his family (he lied to me big 5 years old), family and friends have seen did not say anything. This kind-hearted man thinking simple, childish, there is brotherhood, and I did not feel loss, and that destroyed my marriage to be responsible. But he had a violent temper, like a small horse uncontrollable. not romantic, not stay with me Guanggong Yuan Walking Han's, which I am really angry, fights. what I'd go fishing with him visiting the market. also especially like to toss, doing crafts, repair appliances, open Taobao. housework is mainly me, he was responsible for cooking and some manual labor , spend too recklessly, and said no. I want to praise him as he can fart happy to Britain, to call him immediately noisy.
overall very good to me, I also feel bad, noisy from the planes fierce, and good and fast, do not hold a grudge . sex with every day, I was looking forward to day he can give me a break, have seen between him and another woman. my heart is not so satisfactory, but the age here, but to enlighten themselves to make adjustments and concessions. for the year wedding, so he went to the age for obtaining a license key is to give an account of my mother. you say such a relationship could go to the old? I was worried about his future will not change.
you the big 10 years old, 2 years 28 of his 18 before you, and you overcome all difficulties to sleep with him? Have you ever thought of 18 children wanted to see a mother under that Han? Of course, you say you poor 5-year-old said outside, it is estimated that you tender phase . But, again outside the tender, which is old, do not fool yourself. and so another 10 years, he was young, you have fallen woman, when you attempt to remarry is not easy to find people afraid of it? because the man is the history you find proof of your vision and courage are extraordinary, and extraordinary men are rare, so you will face a man shortage is necessary. But having said that, now neatly step by step to find a man woman, will also may be left at home or away, so to say, you choose to enjoy the little man a few years before the good of life, or wise. I support you, get married, not even think about the future. But as soon as possible licensing of.
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
3, quarters of a small Nier, and his business acumen, eye is not an ordinary many, although the length of a big guy himself, in front of people will totally be parsed Toutou. She knew some of my thoughts, my outspoken her When one of us, what is it related to her ramble. consciously direct my people better, people would do this to me, the fact the contrary. is that less and less with her parents, and perhaps others, and we never kissed. Now communication and people feel really pies are very large head! Who always think good is good, not bad, either live Intuit tired. also understand the real world this way, I but to accept and adapt to no other. this is not eaten less interpersonal loss. no friends so alone. I know their problems, ask me will this do? how personal behavior? Ming Road, I finger it. Do not really good for people who know me, wait to see me This silly girl Taitailielie good?
is valid and can not be too serious for their own interests Koubuzeyan straightforward way claims are treated as a straightforward simple and unassuming. how to get the point should be closed, always benefit the people should not say to do not say, should not do not do, and do not place others are difficult to do your own expectations, not let someone else every turn on the turnoff for you child, this is a real good kind heart. the world used some bad people of others Yinhen evil and still call yourself a simple straightforward, it is a good Mai Tai human character. Therefore, smooth yes, more eye is also true, as long as the heart of good, human kind, smart point why not? their own interests in cool, without considering the consequences of the style do not change, then blame others for you not serious.
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
4, he loves me a year ago, but it also fell in love with another woman, I know that exposed after him, scolded him, seemingly abandoned chic. but has been unable to forget him, and have seriously affected my life. I still love him. Recently, we contacted, over a year, he said he was full of guilt for me, like do anything for me, but he will not be wrong, and before that woman forgave him, and he said he was grateful to return for loyalty to that woman. I said I fit him, he said, did not want to repeat the same mistakes, I'm sorry I, I do not give him. I felt his firm, but still no way to forget. Shun Shun I'm so bitter, how do I do to restore useful? how to alleviate their suffering it?
he was very satisfied ambiguous between the two women to chew, you are to meet in front of him chewing pain, you count match. your pain is a kind of self-abusive behavior, like the body of a chickenpox, knows not to pull, a pull on the left to see blood scar, but you still can not help but to pull, because they do not pull your hand there is no place to mm understand? you simply idle, no other men around to see him important.
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5, at first did not like her boyfriend, his dedication and compassion together, slowly in love with him, and thought it would be a lifetime relationship occurred in the school. this person before and after the changes, for I do not care, but careful not to bad, After graduating from the help of his family into the unit where they (the children of my troops, I hope to go back, but my parents can not help me do this), would like to continue running (which has graduated pressure, more importantly, I am very traditional, fear No unwanted virginity). The parents of her boyfriend found a genetic disease (in fact, before his body I know, but that only affects the appearance, thought would be genetic, not with the family said.) parents a medical student and poor health, demanding in this respect, let us break up firm. I wrote a break up letter, her boyfriend said I burning bridges with friends, playing with the family. hate me, but I do not hate him, do not blame him did not give me that before, until now, I think his family did not know the severity of the disease, but my family said it was impossible.
I now still in their sites, and his mother be my superiors, I do not know how to place, do not want to think I'm ungrateful to his family. fish teacher, I also want a boyfriend when best friend, okay, I want to help him adjust. his mother began to say the character is not there, and do not believe; said Shi Zhen; no way out before the final is for this reason, afraid of hurting them. general said the physical reasons. In fact, for myself, I do not care about him this disease, but I still want to father and mother after the child is responsible. I also find his mother talk about What?
girl, some words can not explain over and over again, Loose lips sink ships, are literate, can understand to understand, can not understand it on a misunderstanding. but you should consider the transfer to go.
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6, I told my husband did not know how many have been together before marriage to him and his girlfriend in regular contact, for which we argue every few days, but he told me pretty good, so forgive him. married a woman that he likes to play with the ambiguous , play online to find a variety of women, but not in a week I gave birth to a child when the marriage actually registered online China. uttered a divorce, he did not agree on the grounds that he was anyway to home as the most important, and children With that he'll change. children to the age of my own, I go out business, because no experience, the business is short, her mother felt that I accomplished nothing, might as well raise children, with regard to the grounds of poor health, with my husband said me to go home with children. I do not agree, the results with his family are arguing. husband a lot of debt, I want to give children a good future, so the effort to do things, can backfire, they do not understand, but I do not take blame children, (the day I was out at night I go back and have to bring their own) husband suggestible, easily instigated by his mother, now move out, funds and nervous, I do not waist my mother, and occasionally help can be taken off the long period of time should pain, along sister, you say how can I do?
ask you mother: If you and your husband divorced, and her grandchildren to forget about her? No matter if she said she would, then do not give She and her son face, and continue to work outside the home, the children look to find nanny, we must stick to it. because one day you do not turn around the economy, you can not shake off the boring Fanjian of men, and the heartless husband.
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7, women never seem to escape envy and comparisons. women and female students of a same class, because they are the class to spend, so the comparisons with each other mutual jealousy, to go to school during the relationship is not good, see not talk. graduated from years of women still can not let go, always peep that woman blog. knowing that such acts are despicable, but it really can not control myself. read other people's logs and photos, she had a good, I'm not happy; she had not I am not happy. looked at her picture, I am sad and inferior. actually asked other people, others say that this woman is not very pretty, yet I look good, is thin. women are troubled and do not want to be a shadow influences, can not control the desire to see female space. how can I do it?
jealousy and comparisons were similar in the crowd started, that is, when you think you and your partner have the same capital, while the other party has flies than you, you will be comparisons will be jealous. Actually, people can develop than you, or performance out of something than you, one God, one is really better than you people. In particular, this is the mentality behind poor people can never accept. you may wish to tell yourself: I was almost better than her, but what ah, I also live 7.80 years, I am also a husband with his life, even if what she was stronger than me, do not She can live 2 7.80 years? Does she could find a dozen husband? So, I do not envy her, nothing to envy.
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8, women have never been in love before, never her boyfriend, are always sexual desire, girlfriends said, ?! halo Oh!
have sex is normal, ah, you get a man, it is estimated to reduce a lot of it sexual. because some of the sweeping nature of man give a woman born. really, sex with that thing, although the cool , but not as you think it cool, like the men hit good match, can make you feel better than Zimo, or you do complete it will greatly reduced interest in sex.
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9, he monthly salary of more than 3,000 Big 24, his family was a good room in Beijing, friends, competent leadership in the eyes of the pragmatic type; my 25 master, just work, after-tax monthly salary of more than 4000, his family was not very good, the parents have a cottage in the town, to the value of the silver . April and May of this year, finding a job, a lot of pressure can vent their anger on him, and after graduation he helped me with luggage to live together in his home. One day I feel right, no chance to cry, like the second day of my female colleagues, he said, and then go back; and found that he deliberately kept a good female colleagues chat with. I am very sad, he said, feeling nostalgia, female colleagues in his heart still point.
me feel, retching; he said of the I could not, the whole life compensation. He usually treated me well, almost whatever they ask (I'm self-control, economic independence, would not be asking too much of him, up just eating a Pizza Hut.) I do not know how to do that forgive him or continue? heart sometimes think it is disgusting. give up? parents are very satisfied with him, he made less money, somewhere else is not bad, I was reluctant.'s not afraid to give up the good find. After all, he was just the spirit of derailed, and now and try not to touch female colleagues, are looking for opportunities to change jobs.
girl, may forgive and forget who they will inevitably be tempted to go back to back, they should be forgiven. Of course, if you think he that the conditions good enough for you, dare mess, then you got a direct kick him, because he could not even after preparation tempted by other women. want to make a man's mind is always completely in your body, estimated that only one a way to put your own processed into Lin + Pan + Teresa + Cecilia Cheung look. Otherwise, you Hedeheneng can be called a good man eyes staring at you?
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10, the Office of qualification, A Beijing man met online, then obtain a permit price is too high because I do not want to do, so we did not transaction costs. He gave me looks like a very good feeling, very speculative talk, call me every night, a pass 2 hours. and then I also want the city to find me, and he talked to a few girlfriends before, what type of both, may be more casual feeling. for me, emotionally inexperienced, he liked my purity. You give an idea, I see or not see? Recently he sent me text messages every day and make phone calls, and I liked him, but it also can be stressful, too afraid of their own depression. what do you think I should approach and He contacts? or what method can test his sincerity?
how to say, you are also online dating began. under the net will have to face reality, separated the two, together hard, even to together, there are many economic pressure on the pressure to face, so I thought better not to get up their minds as well. mm All are built on that he was not a liar, his character on the premise of good character in question if he mm, origin is not simple, the more you move untouchables.'d better reduce the contact, not the net continued.
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11, a man of br> Emotion with Emotion good, the key is to look at competitors and see who you love to.
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12, would like to ask Soon sister, if the consultant is a person who like self-torture and abuse of women and men children, they grow up and parents how to deal with the contradiction? hour special patriarchal my parents, I had intended to commit suicide. and I was spoiled by their parents Jiao's brother even called out to me: you Siya you die Yeah, anyway, my girl more, does not matter if you a die. my parents found a surprising side. I hate that cold in my heart, ah, up to now worry about the new memory. Now I can not say very good condition, but at least not bad, I just did not want to honor my parents, I always feel that my hour they did not give me love, do not deserve to receive my filial piety. at the same time my heart and very heartbroken, because after all they are older, as the daughter of the filial filial them.
Actor John Lone is abandoned, that only by a poor old lady to eat bibimbap sauce adoption. because of the poor and violent temper, unhappy life of the woman, John Lone beatings to be discouraged at every turn, but once also have thrown him away, and finally could not bear then brought home. John Lone childhood unpopular with her, but he grows up, and to Hollywood, he suddenly thought, this woman is not good for him again, but also raised him, his was on people's burden. so, John Lone enlightenment, dedicated support to take care of the old lady began, until the other dead. I tell you this, is for you to understand drop received must be repaid with a newspaper, let alone deal with the us this world, and raised our people?
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13, I 27LG35, a woman, he very quiet, no affairs, home and manage what is one person I felt very tired, they did not exchange. I have a bad temper strong, he is often scolded me, but he is generally not arguing with me, I always think he is useless, stupid, but he is institutions, high income, I became a homemaker. later realized that another man (divorced), is to talk to, temper, he very capable, hurt me, I feel I am very relaxed with him, everything can be handed over to him, and can rely on him. he previous 10 years, owed tens of thousands of business failure, and now also 3,4 thousand income, family has a small coal mines, the old money to his loss, and now the family income with his parents, his business failed because his wife was with him divorce. We often quarrel, but the day is like, he loves me, all he asked me.
later my family know, strongly opposed, threatening his family. His family did not know that after the opposition, probably because he Now poor condition. husband very early to know, not sure. Later, because my family's intervention know, take my bank card, commitment to change problems, but not ideal, it may be I do not accept his reasons. are likely to be I hear a lot of interest, it could be me I'm afraid he will not, but also afraid I can not live hard, wants to break up lovers, Valentine refused, not my not to marry. I feel can not do without him, I now feel less love him, is not because the heart was too tired, or really do not love. I'm not a good relationship with her husband now, sub-bed to sleep. Soon my sister how to do, so too is the life for the children or hh?
If you divorce, your day to an end. other words lazy and you say, anyway, you do not understand.
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14, I have a brother 82 years old, due to family planning to avoid , has been living with Grandma and Grandpa. My parents and brother in January to see two or three times. brother to go outside to work after college graduation, came back up last year. back after the relationship between brother and his mother is very bad, every few days the fight . his mother could not understand the language of his brother's behavior. But my brother really selfish, and will not get along with others, do not accept the advice. brother, mother, do not like talking, feel that parents prefer me, did not give him fatherly motherly love. Yesterday my brother suddenly told me that he does not like women, and that everything is the fault of the parents. can he ever had a girlfriend Yeah, people also engage in a big belly. I do not know what he said was not true. Now my brother learn the car, but also have to buy a car, new home, bought a house, there are sixty thousand accounts still do not. brother to a house mother to take it to another credit to his car, the mother does not agree. now my brother at home, often dead and gone for something. He hated their parents, the mother bother him. I fear for the brother and the mother of this relationship, I'm marrying foreign land, I really do not know how mediation. father was a very talkative person. Please Shun-shun Weapon.
your brother in the grandparents, parents, childhood, and have a feeling abandoned by their families, it is inevitable. Later, he qualified by cultural constraints, have nothing more futile and even anger on the family, and that everything family members are victims. Despite all the rhetoric or his ignorance, to his mature and sensible, light bitter words persuade useless, must make his own run into a wall several times, try the well-being of the world, I discovered that the family is the most reliable backup. how can he have trouble with him, if he job insecurity, you can call him to you that to work, eat dukkha involved, to re-learn to behave, but also worth it. Also, he said he did not like women, and that is what he said And even if true, is God, as he went.
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15, Xiaoting and small music was introduced to the male and female friends, in a company work, Xiaoting it into treasure, However, the small music hesitated yet, deep indifference to stimulate the Xiaoting, Xiaoting disheartened. In recognition of a party soon, Xiaoting friends know Xiaodong Yue, Xiaodong still single, suffer not find Good girls do to his girlfriend, Xiaoting love at first sight. see themselves as tasteless compared to a small music, Xiaoting began to think that he has been looking Xiaodong is the most appropriate person. seeing one after another around the girl to marry a family, forced the family pressure and their desire for marriage, Xiaoting and conducted in-depth exchange of small music has always been advocating free love and feel of the small music did not make any commitments, but also do not want to settle down too early. Xiaoting worry about small clubs to mention break up at any time, for feelings of hope in sight, Xiaoting near collapse, while thought Xiaodong. Xiaodong will not like her, she how to do, is not their own unrequited love? just pushing?
Xiaoting girl, small Even if music does not want to marry you, you do not play Xiaodong idea, because he is the music of friends, to find the words Xiaodong, Yue Xiaodong, and will not be happy, the result is difficult to make you happy. we can not leave the circle at another man? Also, I do not support women take the initiative, because if a man likes you, he can not help but close to you, without you declare affection.
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16, I'm with him six years, is no licensing of engagement, living together and found many problems. such as the weekend I bought a bunch of things going back to eat a big meal, he received a phone call said to go to grandma house, I asked how to do things, he said you eat, are not I want you to buy. my relatives feel weak, less than a holiday is not together, his family every week, family gatherings, and he must go, go is to see a TV make a mahjong, and I sat on the sofa dry, to answer his aunt about my work eight Qigu a private matter. I do not love to go, he said I casually, I'd rather eat a meal with friends Comparison shopping enjoyable.
about the money, pay to maintain his family home mother, my father bought a car a big head, do not know how much money the other side. my mother housekeeper in charge of money and settled accounts in the father. So he mean I give money to him, and he give me pocket money. I do not spend money on aggressive, but his control of powerful, rapid decline in my standard of living, a coffee began to feel bad. before his inconsiderate it is fully expanded, and he now a woman my age all call woman left that nobody wanted us. really his mother, he occupied the best of my youth, now saying that P, then listen awkward, and now see him on its hands.
6 years, youth your girl, and he slept the night into day lily, is to blame? he called you left women, owed much to leave him you find boys green vain in their early 20s, in parentheses, except Chiruan Fan parentheses End and he is already full of dick mingled Maofa Feng sophisticated realm, the women are alone out how old hh so, he called the woman left you, left you but can not call him man, that they have toward the world would not be able You tilt. You can not attempt to visit with him, you can ignore the contempt of his disdain, but you have to know that you left him in the end there is no chance to revive the female style, if so, then look at replacing the present the guys are tired of it. recommended age to find a big point of not so confident half old male, who has semi-soft dick, but filling wallet, your money will not be so tight.
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh < br> 17, I am a rural woman, her boyfriend the city after graduating from college I came to his city, working now stable, monthly income higher than men. boyfriend job is to help him find his mother's public institutions, wages are not high but stable . I have always been good with his feelings, to discuss the end of marriage. the man has to buy a house and renovated, room name is the male parents and male name, the woman is not a penny, and therefore will not require anything. women bought household appliances, but the furniture Money is still the man out. Now the bride price differences, because of different customs, the woman in rural areas, more eyes on this, basically to 5,6 million; but the man is the city, the groom has to take not too much money, at most to the 30,000 or so, female parents do not agree. in the city during the female to male, male and female parents never made a phone call to the parents, female parents, only one invited guest, or my boyfriend play, the two sides meet at home. and in this period Women are living outside their own rent, did not live in the groom, as male parent does not agree to live together before marriage.
when women go to the groom, and her boyfriend is not the same room, men and women sleep on the sofa bed. male parents Women are also better. renters things women do not tell their parents, afraid that they know to be angry. I think the male parents are not parents, life, inner balance, women now do not know how to run the one hand, their parents, on the one hand was later to face his parents, women embarrassed, I do not know how to coordinate such a relationship.
be honest, all his family all parents do, at present it seems very reasonable and normal, your home because you can not accept the concept of a problem. For example, after the man had no money to buy a house decoration, but also by custom the bride price, which does not, if he rules according to a new city, one half of the Cou marriage room in your house to afford it? and your mother before marriage cohabitation will not let you into his house, which is nice to you, even if you break up with him now, but also high-sounding way, and the next boyfriend said, , If you and your family to spend only see the rent, it can not communicate with the. the other, quasi-laws Ye Hao, Ye Hao official's relatives living in different environments, customs are different, do not need to go too close, his family did not need to father and mother to invite you as our guest, after they and their loved ones harder to say you are not, why Minato so close? and even if you are a person, your father and mother are not family, not to join stir together. cherish this husband's bar, his family is a very beautifully shy tone, rare good people, you climb up the count.
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18, the first derailed her husband divorced two years later I forgave him, is also found that he had affair (we only together, do not remarry procedure), but he does not recognize, began very panic attitude is very soft, I can not accept him out of the house, do not want to take his phone number. Over the past two months , and he called me a few times only phone is all about kids and money (for his business I borrowed money to help him, now have almost), there is no mention of us do. intellect told me I should let go, but my mind was unwilling to pay I loved, even I am sorry you are not?
to what I am sorry, ah, people can not, and even polite? you then want to hear his sincere apology, but you did not think about that and did not say there a difference? useful to you?
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19, my appearance is acceptable undergraduate, stable income, 33-year-old married 8 years, a woman is only 13 months. husband of 35 undergraduate in foreign countries responsible for more than a two-year project, the project has just begun, children 6 months when he went out. some time ago vacation came back and found him and the Chinese company in the local external intimate female students (28 this woman , master degree to pursue a Ph.D. degree, and just fell in love with 8 years and broke up with her boyfriend, her boyfriend out to others resulting in pregnancy), their two to three ten messages a day, and leave the home together. He said something else happened, the two probably like each other, have frequent contact with 5,6 months. In his vacation he and I went to a divorce, he did not agree, saying that they only relationship between colleagues, go back and correct them. But I do not believe. I'm uncomfortable pain in the eyes of him , it remains behind the text link I found after being smuggled phone. holiday they go out after work, and I love serious injuries, although he now called home every day, but I do not want to take, and he did not want to have any contact, over time is appropriate? do not know how to do.
you really want a divorce or a hypothetical divorce, wanted to divorce, to continue to cool him, he will make you satisfied. If the heart is not so urgent for divorce, which can no longer care about things. They are in a foreign country, your side and solemn, and he would like to go back or to stabilize the family, but also difficult.
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20, I read your blog for a long time to get inspired many and think you are a little of the wisdom of the woman, but the relationship between parents and children feel you have some self-contradictory, the expression of feeling clumsy words, it came from you cited two mm < br> Perhaps even the crystallization of love ...

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

Excess liquidity facing the experience of Japan and China's choice

 The face of excess liquidity: Japan's experience with the choice of Chinese Institute of World Economy, Fudan University
Hua Min
from international experience, in an open economy, most of the excess liquidity from external shocks, namely, in the short term the situation of rapid increase of reserves. RESERVES nothing more than the increase in channels: trade continued under the current account surplus; and under the capital investment, but also the continuing short-term speculative capital inflows. With the increase in reserves came Nature is the central bank balance sheet assets items increases. when the central bank sterilized limited means, in order to maintain the balance of assets and liabilities of the central bank, only to increase the money supply. as long as the money supply exceeds the demand for money the whole society, then flow will occur the problem of excess.
the face of excess liquidity, government authorities often what control measures will be taken? We first look at how to solve Japan's problem of excess liquidity. Japan in World War II After the emergence of a situation of rapid economic growth, along with rapid economic growth comes an increase in exports and the rapid growth of foreign exchange reserves. For the period of rapid economic growth in Japan Why does the phenomenon of rapid growth of exports, which probably can be identified as economic A take-off law. because in the economic take-off phase, a common phenomenon is the production of traditional self-sufficiency would be replaced by mass production, which must be exported to find with this kind of large-scale production that can match the consumption market, therefore, export-oriented economic take-off almost all countries a choice can not be replaced. Since large-scale exports in the period of economic take-off is inevitable, then the reserves with economic growth and the increase of exports is not on the same Avoid things.
Obviously, increasing in Japan, behind the reserve must be a trade deficit the United States and Europe, so, in terms of increasing upward pressure on the reserve both, or from the United States and Europe and Japan in order to recover trade balance is concerned, the yen appreciation is bound to happen. Therefore, the 1985 In theory, or from the practice, however, even in a country's decision to make after the currency appreciation, it is impossible to take sharp appreciation in the short term approach, because a substantial appreciation of the fundamentals because of the seriousness of the financial side and the resulting departure from the economic crisis Therefore, almost all decisions in a country where the currency appreciation, we can see the exchange rate is always expressed as a process, which is what led to the expected appreciation of the reason. In order to prevent the temptation of the expected appreciation occurs over the short term more speculative arbitrage inflows arising from a greater appreciation of the currency pressure, the decision of the yen appreciation, the Japanese government authorities while the appreciation of the practice of taking the lower interest rates to hedge because of the appreciation of yen assets arising from other International monetary assets yield variance. While such an approach can be taken to check the inflow of international speculative capital led to increased mobility, but the interest-rate cuts will inevitably result in the increase of the source of the money supply caused by increased mobility. Thus, we can not escape encountered a paradox: whether to raise interest rates increase the appreciation of the policy mix, or the combination of the appreciation of Canada's policy rate cut, liquidity increases are inevitable, the difference only lies in the money supply increased, thus the domestic What is the increased mobility of international capital flows that exogenous factors, or because the domestic money supply to increase the endogenous factors that caused.
Japanese culture is quite Charity begins at the characteristic field Therefore, in order to prevent international capital share the fruits of economic growth in Japan, the Japanese government authorities in the yen, while the decision will certainly choose the currency policies and measures to balance the cut, including the central bank and commercial banks, balance sheet, so took place on the mobility of endogenous creation process. There is no doubt that prices of traded goods in the international competition because of the performance of the exogenous circumstances, or because the country is a big country and the students (if their is a big country, then trade endogenous goods prices, but because of large-scale production in the country is relatively small economies much more, so the price of tradable goods in the case of students, the tendency will only continue to decline occurred, rather than the reverse) situation, either the price of traded goods remain unchanged, or that the phenomenon of sustained decline, so that in case of excess liquidity, the excess money supply to enter the asset market arbitrage will be a result of the economic bubble. bubble still has the original the function of stimulating economic growth, but when the bubble is not sustainable development to the time when asset prices is a serious departure from economic fundamentals, and liquidity supply can not keep up the speed of asset prices occurs when the bubble burst in economic growth caused the crisis suspension. from the 1985 Plaza Accord in 1989 the Japanese economic bubble burst and the stagnation of economic growth, only about five years less than the time, Japan as the currency appreciation and excess liquidity, there is a boom-recession the development process.
facing China today began the same problem with the Japanese, and more serious in a lower income level than the case of Japan took place, so the slightest mistake, it is possible to re- dance mistakes caused by the Japanese crisis of China's economic growth. is because of China's income level is much lower than in Japan, so China in the event of such a crisis, its consequences will be more serious. In order to prevent such a crisis, the Chinese government In determining the revaluation the same time, Japan has taken a different approach, that is, while the appreciation of the renminbi and the Japanese adopted the opposite policy of raising interest rates. There are many observers and analysts have accordingly concluded that the Chinese Therefore, to avoid the Japanese economic bubble, and this may have caused the financial crisis and economic recession.
But, as in our previous paper, the analysis pointed out that in the case of currency appreciation, whether it is taken policy of raising interest rates or interest rates, increased liquidity for the control are of no avail, the difference lies only in whether the increase in mobility of endogenous or exogenous. So, we should not naively think that as long as we take a different Japan policy mix, we can solve the problems Japan has faced. In our view, in order to prevent or solve the liquidity crisis and the impact of the bubble, there are only two options: first, from the beginning to unswervingly implement the currency does not appreciate policy; second, through structural reforms, with the adjustment of current account to balance its current account surplus caused by the increased mobility.
closer look at the situation in Japan was the situation facing China today, we can easily find , both in Japan 20 years ago, or today's China, in fact, have the opportunity to avoid the excess liquidity arising from the impact. If Japan can follow the original requirements of the United States and Europe, opening up domestic financial markets, services markets and agricultural market, then by the Japanese have the opportunity to bargain to maintain a stable exchange rate of leaving the money supply has been effectively controlled. just because by returning to the above three sectors strong opposition from vested interests, the Japanese authorities did wrong selected to the cost of the currency appreciation, protection of the three departments to implement the strategy. Thus, a country in the face of external economic shocks case, what is important is the country's long-term or short-term interests of the vested interests weight, will have a different policy responses, resulting in a completely different policy effects. learn from Japan's experience, we believe that China should let its currency as soon as controlling the so-called market forces in the continuing appreciation of the role of the momentum turned back to the original moderate up the fixed exchange rate, at the same time as soon as possible to improve the degree of trade liberalization and structural reforms to seize the opportunity to reduce China's dependence on foreign trade for economic growth. If not adopt such a policy mix, then China and Japan will go over the same road, along the increasing mobility and the path of the bubble economy has burst a bubble burst to the surplus liquidity crisis, that is, the wealth of Chinese residents fully engulfed in cash so far. the history of the outbreak in 1929 great crisis, Japan's bubble crisis in 1989, and the Southeast Asian crisis of 1997 through a crisis like the elimination of excess liquidity out of. Spare the rod, spoil the child.